The Treaty of Camp David - 1874 Words

To what extent was the treaty of Camp David of 1978 a turning point in the History of Arab Israeli conflicts from confrontation to peace making? In considering the Arab Israeli conflicts there were many disputes issues and turning points in the 20th century. Wars broke out such as the 1948-1949 Arab Israeli war in order for Israeli state to emerge . Many other wars followed such as the Suez war the 6 day war all conflicts had major consequences. However the war that changed the Middle East for ever was the War of Yom Kippur. The consequence of this dispute lead to the Camp David agreement never before was there such a significant agreement made. The Camp David accords effectively ended the Israel–Egypt conflict never before had any of the sides publicaly considered a peaceful agreement. The Camp David accords truly were the begining of a new era in the Midle East . However the agreement had an unseen consequence the Palestinian people were now more reluctant to fight for their freedom using radical tactics supporting the PLO furthermore using terrorism as a means of expressing their demands . Also the Olslo accords of 1993 that ended the 50 year war could be considerd a more s ignificant turning point in the 20th century . The spark of the Arab-Israeli conflict can be dated back to the Balfour declaration of 1917 this agreement was in direct contrast with the League of Nations mandate for Palestine this event can be considered to be the first act to cement futureShow MoreRelatedEssay about Anwar Sadats Decision To Make1565 Words   |  7 Pagesended as a tie. A tie didn’t look good for Israel, since they had won all of the previous wars, however it looked better for the Arabs. In 1978, the Camp David Accords were signed between Israeli Prime Minister, Menachem Begin, and Egyptian President, Anwar Sadat, in Maryland at Camp David along with US President Jimmy Carter as a witness. The Camp David Accords first began when President Sadat took a trip to Jerusalem to discuss the topic of peace between Egypt and Israel with Prime Minister BeginRead MoreEssay On Israel1193 Words   |  5 Pagespermanently abandon its Sinai settlements, after which Egypt withdrew its promise to fully recognize the state of Israel. On September 14th, the Americans planned for the possible failure of the Camp David negotiations by requesting that Vice President Walter Mondale, a strong supporter of Israel, come to Camp David in order to persuade the Israelis to make concessions. The Israeli delegation met with Mondale and American advisors on September 15th to devise a proposal for the Sinai. Begin put forthRead MoreAnwar Sadat and the October War906 Words   |  4 Pageseleven years. He attempted to reclaim the Sinai Peninsula which had been taken and claimed by Israel. Sadats plan to take back Sinai from Israel helped Egypt to redefine its power and prestige in the world and to initiate negotiations for a peace treaty with Israel. In the plan to take back the Sinai from Israel and also to reinstitute and reestablish unity amongst the Arab nations, Sadat employed diplomatic persuasion at its best. Several months prior to the 1976 war, president Sadat spent mostRead MoreEssay about Ethnic Conflict in the Middle East1665 Words   |  7 Pagesconflict theory explains that it is not territory, politics, or economics that prevents the achievement of peace between the Israeli and Palestinian peoples, instead, it is a deep-seated hatred of one another that neither group can overcome. The Camp David Summit in July 2000, the most recent attempt at fostering a lasting peace is a clear example of how ethnocentrism can prevents success. Contrasting with neo-realism, which says that states are unitary, the ethnic conflict theory goes beyond thatRead MoreThe Main Cause Of World War II919 Words   |  4 Pages The main cause of world war 2 was the treaty of Versailles. This treaty was signed my German leaders; they agreed to minimize their army, give up battleships and submarines, pay twenty-three billion U.S. dollars in reparations and back their forces out of the Rhineland. The Rhineland was the land between Germany and France. The Germans had to back out of this land because the French did not feel safe with the Germans on the border because during ww2 the Germans invaded France and conquered almostRead MoreThe Difficult Foreign Policy Issues Faced by Late Twentieth Century Presidents732 Words   |  3 Pages The Panama Canal Treaty was proposed by Carter in 1977 and reluctantly signed by Congress in 1988. The treaty promised to return the Panama Canal to Panama by 1999, improving relations with Latin America. In an attempt to create good relations among the Middle East, Carter invited the President of Egypt, Anwar el-Sadat and prime minister of Israel, Menachem Begin to Camp David, the president’s retreat in Maryland. The two then signed the peace treaty known as the Camp David Accords on 1979. AnotherRead MoreCauses and Consequences of World War II777 Words   |  3 PagesConsequences On September 1, 1939 World War II started after Adolf Hitler signs the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler shortly attacks Poland, not keeping his promise. Shortly after the attack France and Britain declare war on Germany. Hitler was the cause of World War II since he broke the treaty causing other countries like Britain and France to declare war. Hitler kept all the Jews in concentration camps because he thought they were not humans but animals. Hitler was labeled as a supremacist toRead MoreThe Yom Kippur War1555 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States President Jimmy Carter in 1978 to sign the Camp David Accords. Under the Camp David Accords Egypt recognized Israel’s existence. Israel in return would agree to give back the part of the Sinai Peninsula it still occupied. Sadat and Begin also agreed that there was a need for independence for Palestinians. This was significant as it was the first time an Arab country would sign a peace treaty with Israel. The Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty was signed in Washington D.C., which was to end thirtyRead More The Arab-Israeli Conflict Essay1311 Words   |  6 Pages The Arab-Israeli Conflict The Arab Israeli conflict has gone on for many years. There have been many wars, terrorist attacks and peace treaties between Israel and the Arab countries. Through war and Treaties Israel has gained and lost alot of land. There have been 4 major wars between Israel and The Arab countries, as well as terrorist attacks. The reason for many of these attacks include land, claim of the country and anti-semitisem. Israel which is only 8,000 squareRead MoreSave Many Lives From The War Over Land Between Israel And Palestine1408 Words   |  6 Pageshappening in the middle east.(Eisenstadt and Pollock, 2012) (Miller, 2013). Camp David Accords: This peace proposal in 1978 was between the US president at the time, Jimmy Carter. Along with the prime minister of Israel, Menachem Begin and the president of Egypt, Anwar el-Sadat. All three met at the US presidents Maryland retreat called Camp David. At this meeting they discussed the possibility of both nations coming to a peace treaty agreement. Sadat the Arab president had visited Israel the year before

Critical Analysis of The Veldt - 1235 Words

â€Å"The Veldt† by Ray Bradbury deals with some of the same fundamental problems that we are now encountering in this modern day and age, such as the breakdown of family relationships due to technology. Ray Bradbury is an American writer who lived from 1920 to 2012 (Paradowski). Written in 1950, â€Å"The Veldt† is even more relevant to today than it was then. The fundamental issue, as Marcelene Cox said, â€Å"Parents are often so busy with the physical rearing of children that they miss the glory of parenthood, just as the grandeur of the trees is lost when raking leaves.† Technology creating dysfunctional families is an ever increasing problem. In the story, the Hadley family lives in a house that is entirely composed of machines. A major†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The lions stood looking at George and Lydia Hadley with terrible green-yellow eyes. Watch out! screamed Lydia. The lions came running at them. Lydia bolted and ran. Inst inctively, George sprang after her. Outside, in the hall, with the door slammed he was laughing and she was crying, and they both stood appalled at the others reaction.† (Bradbury). George’s musings about his childrens’ view of death was actually a foreshadowing of his own death, â€Å"They were awfully young, Wendy and Peter, for death thoughts. Or, no, you were never too young, really. Long before you knew what death was you were wishing it on someone else. When you were two years old you were shooting people with cap pistols. But this - the long, hot African veldt-the awful death in the jaws of a lion. And repeated again and again.† (Bradbury). Finally, the childrens’ rebellion, which resulted in their parents’ death, was foreshadowed when Peter threatened his own father to never turn off the technology. I wouldnt want the nursery locked up, said Peter coldly. Ever. Matter of fact, were thinking of turning the whole hous e off for about a month†¦.Will you shut off the house sometime soon? Were considering it.’ I dont think youd better consider it any more, Father. (Bradbury). Throughout the story, these instances of foreshadowing of deathShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Ray Bradburys Work Essay example1626 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of Ray Bradbury’s Work Ray Bradbury does an excellent job of making his literature both interesting and fascinating to read. This makes him a great American author. He wrote a novel, The Illustrated Man, which is filled with details about futuristic events. An effect on the outcome of the way this piece of literature was the time it was written. The time period was revealed through the use of characterization, and setting. Throughout the novel, Bradbury uses the literary elements simileRead MoreManaging Profitable Customer Relationship7707 Words   |  31 Pagesphrases reflect the marketing concept, except which one? a. We don’t have a Marketing Department, we have a Customer Department. b. We make it happen for you. c. We stay close to customers. d. Putting profits ahead of customer needs is critical to the health of the firm. e. Customers are important. (Answer: d; p. 11; Easy) 13. An example of a(n) _____ is when a customer pays Circuit City $250 and receives a television set in return. a. exchange b. transaction c. market dRead MoreAn Analysis of Derek Walcotts Poem A Far Cry from Africa2218 Words   |  9 PagesAn analysis of Derek Walcotts poem A Far Cry from Africa on the influence of colonialism in his language Introduction The so called post colonial literature is actually a body of writings that aim to express response to colonization. Most topics and themes of post colonial literary pieces revolve around the issues demanding freedom of the people from political and cultural colonial rule. Post-colonial literature also attacks literary works insinuating racism or colonial hints. RecentlyRead MoreChapter 1: Marketing: Creating and Capturing Customer Value Essay example9741 Words   |  39 PagesReflective Thinking Skills Skill: Critical Thinking Objective: 1-3 94) Which of the following reflects the marketing concept? A) The supplier is king. B) Marketing should be viewed as foraging and not gardening. C) This is what I make; wont you please buy it? D) This is what I want; wont you please make it? E) Customers need to be told where they want to go. Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 10 AACSB: Reflective Thinking Skills Skill: Critical Thinking Objective: 1-3 Read More8 stages of social development6628 Words   |  27 Pagessolutions so divisive. It is as if all six billion people have climbed on top of the Tower and are now shouting slogans at us. All seem to want a place in the sun, a position in the niche, and free tickets to Disney World. If one were to do a content analysis of all the books and articles written on the global gaps, or arguments presented in academic or think tank settings, or even the political dialogue in national parliaments or international summits, we would see several clear and distinct patternsRead MoreThe Role of Adult Education in Womens Empowerment16079 Words   |  65 PagesEducation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. JC and BGCSE Enrolments – BOCODOL †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Study Preference by Gender †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Preference for Study Mode by Age Group †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ BOTA Registered and A ccredited Trainers Assessors †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... Analysis of the Registered Trainers and Assessors by Gender †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Reasons for Participation by Gender †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Reasons for Participation by Age †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2 Figure 3.3 Figure 3.4 FigureRead MoreEnvironment Studies8323 Words   |  34 Pagescomponents for sustainable human ecosystem. 3. Environmental Studies deals with the conservation, biodiversity, sustainable development, water management, air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination, noise pollution 4. Carrying out impact analysis and environmental auditing for the further catastrophic activities, 5. Developing and curbing the pollution from existing and new industries, 6. Stopping the use of biological and nuclear weapons for destruction of human race, 7. Managing the

Sport Obermeyer Minimum Free Essays

Wally Obermeyer is facing a challenge in accurately forecasting the market response and demand for the upcoming season. Historically, the company founder, Klaus Obermeyer, relied minimally on forecast data, and more on intuition and artistic tastes. In comparison, his son Wally prefers to make decisions based on analytical techniques and information gathering. We will write a custom essay sample on Sport Obermeyer Minimum or any similar topic only for you Order Now If Wally’s approach proves successful, it can change how Sport Obermeyer approaches its manufacturing processes, secure its position long-term as the middle- to high-end producer of skiwear, increase profits, and better meet the company’s objective of delivering matching collections to retailers at the same time and earlier in the season. Sport Obermeyer has many challenges to overcome. Forecasting is problematic since production commitments are required in November, but the bulk of the orders are not placed by retailers until the Las Vegas trade show in the following March. Also, the market trends are seasonal, changing frequently, and adding to the difficulty in forecasting. The company cannot postpone production completion dates due to the quota limit on importation of goods from China, where a bulk of its production occurs. Adding further complications to the manufacturing decisions, the company has a new manufacturing facility coming online in Hong Kong, and must determine what products, and how much of those products should be manufactured in each of the facilities. Issues with vendors of raw materials must be addressed. There are long lead times for some vendors, and because of that, excess inventory is maintained in the manufacturing facilities. The company must also maintain a competitive edge with the growing pressure from competitors, specifically Columbia. Sport Obermeyer has relied on a buying committee comprised of key manager to forecast production demands, and make decisions regarding production commitments. Historically, this committee has done fairly well in predicting which styles will be popular, and forecasting has been best for the styles on which agreement was greatest between the committee members. In order to take the greatest advantage of this committee, Wally Obermeyer is utilizing the Delphi method. This method will give Wally the opportunity to determine which members of the committee have the greatest accuracy. While it may not pay off in the immediate decisions, over several years, he will be able to determine which members’ opinions should receive the greatest weight when making production decisions. In the meantime, a decision must be made regarding the upcoming season. Wally should proceed with the minimum order necessary, one-half of the total expected demand for the season (10,000 units), to keep up with production demands. Since the minimum production quantity for a style is 600 units from the Hong Kong facility, Wally should initially only consider production of styles predicted to exceed this limit until the bulk of the order come in following the Las Vegas show. In doing so, the risk of overproducing a style, and being forced to sell it at a deficit will be mitigated. Past data indicates the buying committee’s forecast is accurate within two standard deviations. Using these forecasts, Sport Obermeyer should delay production of the Isis, Teri, and Stephanie styles since they demand is forecasted to be low for them, and proceed with the remainder of the items in consideration (See Table 1 for quantities relating to each style). Forecasting also has difficulties due to the delay in information from retailers regarding which products are most popular. Long-term, and if financially feasible, Sport Obermeyer should consider providing retailers responsible for the majority of purchases of their good with software that will provide Sport Obermeyer with real-time data on sales of its product. By doing so, the company will better be able to predict what items are desired for replenishment orders, and greatly reduce goods sold to South America at prices below manufacturing costs. Furthermore, Sports Obermeyer can approach retailers sooner regarding replenishment orders based upon the data it has collected. If replenishment orders are received sooner, then the cost of shipment is greatly reduced since fewer will require air shipment. Lastly, the company should take an active role in influencing the demand of products it forecasts as being most popular to ensure these items are in high demand. Sport Obermeyer should pressure its sales force to promote these items by providing incentives, such as bonuses, to its personnel. If need be, the company can also provide discounts for large bulk orders to retailers. Lastly, the company should heavily promote these items via advertisements campaigns. Sport Obermeyer needs to be able to keep up with production demand, and in the case the company is overly successful in pushing the styles it predicts to be in highest demand, resulting in Sport Obermeyer needs to be able to meet the production demands generated. The manufacturing facility in China can produce goods much more cheaply than the facility in Hong Kong, but the quality and startup time are inferior to the Hong Kong facility. Obersport, a joint venture of Sport Obermeyer, is responsible for monitoring quality of the raw materials, and coordinating production Sport Obermeyer products in the Far East. Obersport should implement and expand upon its current quality control and quality assurance practices. Sport Obermeyer should pare down the variation in its products to reduce the frequency in changing manufacturing lines resulting in the facility in China being able to complete orders faster. Sport Obermeyer needs to reduce the planning time required for each season. Currently, planning for a season must start two years in advance. This is a hindrance to the company since forecasting data improves as the start of the season being planned for becomes closer. Reducing the number of vendors for raw materials, as well as the variety of styles available will shorten the time for planning. Furthermore, Sport Obermeyer will be ordering more from a few vendors, giving them greater buyer power to negotiate discounts, resulting in increased profits. Reducing the variety in the raw materials used should increase quality in addition to speeding up production. Long-term, after lead time and vendor issues are resolved, Sport Obermeyer should consider spinning off another brand within the company to be marketed separately from its current line. As costs for manufacturing are reduced due to a more streamlined production process, Sport Obermeyer will be better able to compete at the same price point as Columbia. By creating a new brand, the company will not risk reducing the reputation for quality associated with Sport Obermeyer, but will be able to compete directly with Columbia and take part of its market share. This move will increase sales for Sport Obermeyer, as well as limit the growth of Columbia. Furthermore, Sport Obermeyer should consider producing street wear for both the current high-end brand and the lower-end brand that will compete with Columbia. This will expand the markets to which Sport Obermeyer is competing in, and increase visibility of the brands since the clothing will be worn year round. Sport Obermeyer places production orders three times each season. The first order is placed prior to the Las Vegas trade show, the second is placed the week following the trade show, and the third comes at the end of the season when replenishment orders are made. Short-term, until quality and vendor issues are resolved, Sport Obermeyer should place the first order with the Hong Kong manufacturing facility. The labor in the Hong Kong facility is significantly higher than the facility in China, but the quality is better in Hong Kong. Also, the Hong Kong facility is able to produce goods faster. The second order should be placed with the facility in China to take advantage of the markedly reduced labor costs. The third order should be placed in Hong Kong since these orders need to be produced quickly to reduce the use of expensive air shipment in lieu of using an ocean carrier. Long-term, if Sport Obermeyer elects to pursue a spinoff brand, the lower quality product should be manufactured in China to take advantage of the reduced cost of production. The Hong Kong labor force should have increased labor skills by this point, and production output should be optimized. The Hong Kong facility should continue to produce the high-end Sport Obermeyer lines. Even though the cost of production will be greater in the Hong Kong facility, the revenues generated by this facility should be greater since the high-end clothing can be offered at a higher price point. Sport Obermeyer has many problems to address, but with just a few adjustments, they can be rectified. By paring down the variety of options in the lines, quality will be increased. Forecasting is improved by implementing the Delphi method in the Buying Committee, and adding a weighted accuracy measurement to the Committee members in future seasons. Reducing the number of vendors remedies the excessively long lead times, and provides Obersport with buyer power to negotiate discounts. Providing the primary purchasers of Sport Obermeyer products with free software for tracking sales allows Sport Obermeyer to better predict replenishment orders, and eliminates much of the use of air carriers, as well as eliminates overproduction of goods that are sold below manufacturing cost. By creating a second brand, Sport Obermeyer can compete directly with Columbia, and not tarnish the image of quality associated with its current lines. Lastly, Sport Obermeyer can drive sales toward the items it predicts will be popular by offering incentives to sales personnel, large customers, and launching advertisement campaigns to also eliminate overproduction and lost revenues. Table 1: Recommendation of order quantity for each style of Parka considered by the Buying Committee. Since orders had to be placed in Hong Kong where a 600 unit amount is needed, the styles of Isis, Teri, and Stephanie were ignored in the order placement for the first phase of production due to uncertainty of need. Style| Average Forecast| 2SD| k=1| k=0. 9675| Gail| 1017| 388| 629| 642| Isis| 1042| 646| 396*| –| Entice| 1358| 496| 862| 878| Assault| 2525| 680| 1845| 1867| Teri| 1100| 762| 338*| –| Electra| 2150| 807| 1343| 1369| Stephanie| 1113| 1048| 65*| –| Seduced| 4017| 1113| 2904| 2940| Anita| 3296| 2094| 1202| 1270| Daphne| 2383| 1394| 989| 1034| Total| | | 9774*| 10001| | I How to cite Sport Obermeyer Minimum, Essay examples

Roger Williams Essay Example For Students

Roger Williams Essay Roger Williams A Brief BiographyDrypoint etching, 1936, by Arthur W. Heintzelman, commemorating the Tercentenary of the founding of Rhode Island by Roger Williams. Courtesy of Roger Williams University Archives.ROGER WILLIAMS was born in London, circa 1604, the son of James and Alice (Pemberton) Williams. James, the son of Mark and Agnes (Audley) Williams was a merchant Tailor (an importer and trader) and probably a man of some importance. His will, proved 19 November 1621, left, in addition to bequests to his loving wife, Alice, to his sons, Sydrach, Roger and Robert, and to his daughter Catherine, money and bread to the poor in various sections of London. The will of Alice (Pemberton) Williams was admitted to probate 26 January 1634. Among other bequests, she left the sum of Ten Pounds yearly for twenty years to her son, Roger Williams, now beyond the seas. She further provided that if Roger predeceased her, what remaineth thereof unpaid shall be paid to his wife and daughter. Obviously, by the time of her death, Rogers mother was aware of the birth in America in 1633 of her grandchild, Mary Williams. Rogers youth was spent in the parish of St. Sepulchres, without Newgate, London. While a young man, he must have been aware of the numerous burnings at the stake that had taken place at nearby Smithfield of so-called Puritans or heretics. This probably influenced his later strong beliefs in civic and religious liberty. During his teens, Roger Williams came to the attention of Sir Edward Coke, a brilliant lawyer and one-time Chief Justice of England, through whose influence he was enrolled at Suttons Hospital, a part of Charter House, a school in London. He next entered Pembroke College at Cambridge University from which he graduated in 1627. All of the literature currently available at Pembroke to prospective students mentions Roger Williams, his part in the Reformation, and his founding of the Colony of Rhode Island. At Pembroke, he was one of eight granted scholarships based on excellence in Latin, Greek and Hebrew. Pembroke College in Providence, once the womens college of Brown University, was named after Pembroke at Cambridge in honor of Roger Williams. In the years after he left Cambridge, Roger Williams was Chaplain to a wealthy family, and on 15 December 1629, he married MARY BARNARD at the Church of High Laver, Essex, England. Even at this time, he became a controversial figure because of his ideas on freedom of worship. And so, in 1630, ten years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, Roger thought it expedient to leave England. He arrived, with Mary, on 5 February 1631 at Boston in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Their passage was aboard the ship Lyon (Lion). He preached first at Salem, then at Plymouth, then back to Salem, always at odds with the structured Puritans. When he was about to be deported back to England, Roger fled southwest out of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, was befriended by local Indians and eventually settled at the headwaters of what is now Narragansett Bay, after he learned that his first settlement on the east bank of the Seekonk River was within the boundaries of the Plymouth Colony. Roger purchased land from the Narragansett Chiefs, Canonicus and Miantonomi and named his settlement Providence in thanks to God. The original deed remains in the Archives of the City of Providence. Roger Williams made two trips back to England during his lifetime. The first in June or July 1643 was to obtain a Charter for his colony to forestall the attempt of neighboring colonies to take over Providence. .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e , .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e .postImageUrl , .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e , .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e:hover , .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e:visited , .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e:active { border:0!important; } .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e:active , .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud22791f9bfd93b19a2da902ddd84f37e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cambodia and United Nations Essay He returned with a Charter for the Providence Plantations in Narragansett Bay which incorporated Providence, Newport and Portsmouth. During this voyage, he produced his best-known literary work Key into the Languages of America, which when published in London in 1643, made him the authority on American Indians. On his return, Roger Williams started a trading post at Cocumscussoc (now North Kingstown) where he traded with the Indians and was known for his peacemaking between the neighboring colonists and the Indians. But again colony affairs interfered, and in 1651 he sold his trading post and returned to England with John Clarke (a Newpor t preacher) in order to have the Charter confirmed. Because of family responsibilities, he returned sometime before 1654. John Clarke finally obtained the Royal Charter from Charles II on 8 July 1663, thereby averting further trouble with William Coddington and some colonists at Newport, who had previously obtained a charter for a separate colony. Roger Williams was Governor of the Colony 1654 through 1658. During the later years of his life, he saw almost all of Providence burned during King Philips War, 1675-1676. He lived to see Providence rebuilt. He continued to preach, and the Colony grew through its acceptance of settlers of all religious persuasions. The two volumes of the correspondence of Roger Williams recently published by the Rhode Island Historical Society, Glenn W. LaFantasie, Editor, present an excellent picture of his philosophy and personality. Unfortunately, there was no known painting made of him during his lifetime, although many artists and sculptors have portrayed him as they envision him. Roger and Mary (Barnard) Williams were the parents of six children, all born in America: 1. MARY, born at Plymouth, Plymouth Colony, August 1633, died 1684; married JOHN SAYLES in 1650; six children. John and Mary Sayles lived on Aquidneck Island and are buried near Eastons Beach, Middletown, Rhode Island. 2. FREEBORN, born at Salem, Massachusetts Bay Colony, 4 October 1635, died 10 January 1710; married first THOMAS HART, died 1671; four children. There were no children of Freeborns second marriage to WALTER CLARKE, a Governor of Newport. 3. PROVIDENCE, born at Providence, September 1638, died March 1686; never married. 4. MERCY, born at Providence, 15 July 1640, died circa 1705; married first in 1659 RESOLVED WATERMAN, born July 1638, died August 1670; five children. Mercy married second SAMUEL WINSOR, born 1644, died 19 September 1705; three children. 5. DANIEL, born at Providence, February 1641 counting years to begin about ye 25 of March so yt he was borne above a year ; half after Mercy (Carpenter, Roger Williams), died 14 May 1712; married 7 December 1676 REBECCA (RHODES) POWER, died 1727, widow of Nicholas Power; six children. 6. JOSEPH, born at Providence, 12 December 1643, died 17 August 1724; married LYDIA OLNEY, born 1645, died 9 September 1724; six children. Roger Williams died at Providence between 16 January and 16 April 1683/84, his wife Mary having predeceased him in 1676. His descendants have contributed in many ways, first to the establishment of an independent Colony, later to the establishment of an independent state in a united nation. The United States of America has maintained the reality of separation of church and state which Roger Williams envisioned, and ordained in his settlement at Providence. Sources: Carpenter, Edmund J. , Litt.D., Roger Williams, New York, 1909; Anthony, Bertha W., Roger Williams of Providence, RI, Vol. II, Cranston, RI, 1966; Haley, John Williams, The Old Stone Bank History of Rhode Island , Vol. IV, Providence, 1944; Hall, May Emery, Roger Williams, Boston, 1917.