Population Assessment free essay sample

The aim of the assignment is to demonstrate the role of the Advanced Nurse Practitioner (ANP) when assessing and analysing the health needs of a specific population. The author will focus on one specific disease, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in relation to South Asian men living in both the United Kingdom (UK) and in South Asia. In view of the large demographics of South Asia the author will specifically focus on Indian, Pakistan and Bangladeshi groups also making a comparison with the population residing in Ireland.The author will provide a critical and analytical discussion of the key findings in relation to the defined population demonstrating how the ANP role can take these findings forward to inform current practice and initiate the development and planning of a new service to meet specific health needs. Firstly, an overview will be provided on the financial burden COPD is currently having on the National Health Service (NHS). We will write a custom essay sample on Population Assessment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This will be followed by a critical discussion of COPD, detrimental factors and the impact on the South Asian population.COPD is a growing concern worldwide and in the United Kingdom (UK) (Fletcher et al, 2010). COPD is a slow developing lung disease involving the airways, leading to gradual loss of lung function (NICE, 2010). COPD is the leading cause of mortality worldwide (Calverley and Walker, 2003) and projected to be the UK fifth leading cause of death and the second highest cause of emergency admission to hospital (Department of Health, 2005). There are an estimated 4. 8% of COPD cases in the UK, although only an estimated 1. 5% of the population are correctly diagnosed (Stang et al, 2009).It’s estimated that 30,000 people a year die from COPD and 1. 4% of the population consult their General Practitioner (GP) each year (Murray and Lopez, 2008). Cost varies to treat COPD dependent on the severity of the disease; mild COPD costs ? 149 whereby treating severe COPD can cost up to ten times as much at ? 1037 (British Lung Foundation, 2009). The prevalence of COPD is set to continue rising at alarming rates (British Lung Foundation, 2009). This is predominately due to the lack of awareness of the disease (British Lung Foundation, 2007).A survey by the British Lung Foundation (2007) concluded that 89% of people in the UK and 85% of smokers had never heard of COPD. An audit of 80,000 COPD admissions showed that 70% of patients had not previously admitted with the condition (Luis, Soljak and Meade, 2007). The current unawareness of the condition is leading to inappropriate hospital admissions and contributing to the significant strain on the NHS with a financial estimate costing ? 500 million per year (British Thoracic Society, 2006). COPD usually develops in life-time smokers.It is estimated 50% of smokers develop COPD although non-smokers can also be affected by COPD (Murray and Lopez, 2008). Noxious gases, pollution, passive smoking, chronic respiratory infections and genetic susceptibility are other potential risk factors for developing COPD (Murray and Lopez, 2008). Risk Factors that Contribute to the Prevalence of COPD (Murray and Lopez, 2008) The prevalence of COPD within the author’s local ward is 0. 67%, which is below the national average of 1. 5% (The National Service Health information Centre, 2008).It is estimated that these figures are grossly under estimated (The National Service Health information Centre, 2008). The prevalence of COPD in both South Asia and Ireland is significantly higher with figures estimated at 6. 2% in South Asia and 7. 2% in Ireland (Murtagh et al, 2008 and Chan-Yeung et al, 2004). However, all this data is thought to be unreliable, due to differences in disease occurrence, differences in defining COPD, cultural bias, and whether spirometry was used to confirm the diagnosis (World Health Organisation, 2011).Due to the under-diagnosis and misdiagnosis of COPD within the author’s area a predictive modelling tool using smoking status, gender, ethnic group, age and deprivation has been developed by the West Midlands Public Health Observatory (2009) to ascertain current and future estimates of COPD prevalence. This tool has been developed so the trust can plan for future health needs of the local area (West Midlands Public Health Observatory, 2009). Using the predictive tool it is estimated within the author’s local area that 5. 89% of South Asian groups have COPD compared to their White British counter parts at 4. 5% (West Midlands Public Health Observatory, 2009). There is currently a large proportion of South Asians residing in the area, which may contribute to the higher rates of COPD in this particular ethnic group. South Asians Residing in Author’s Local Ward (Office for National Statistics, 2004) Ethnic minorities make up 8% of the total population in the UK compared to only 2% in Ireland (Office for National Statistics, 2004). Within the author’s local ward South Asian groups are significantly higher at 20% compared to national average 5. 5% (Office for National Statistics, 2004).Using the predictive tool it is suggested that COPD rates within the author’s ward are estimated to steadily rise between all ethnic groups by 2020 (West Midlands Public Health Observatory, 2009). This is believed to be due to an increase in births, migration and a decrease in deaths within the area (Birmingham City Council, 2005) Environmental factors such as smoking are a significant factor in the prevalence of COPD. In the UK, smoking rates are significantly higher in South Asian and Irish groups compared to the national average of 24% (Department of Health 2007). National Smoking Rates Department of Health, 2007) A key element of the ANP role is to be able to assess the needs of their specific population (American Association Colleges of Nursing, 2005). The author analysed population trends within her defined population, South Asian men as a starting point when looking at the relationship between COPD and smoking rates. This gives the author information to inform current clinical practice and plan service to tailor services to meet the needs of that specific population (Hamric, Spross and Hanson, 2009). The author then went to analyse why smoking rates were high within this population.It’s estimated that 50% of the male South Asian population smoke (Office for National Statistics, 2004). Smoking in South Asian men is linked to social acceptance, social bonding, and tradition. Smoking is associated to be ‘Macho’ and fashionable, which is promoted by Indian films and media (Shihadeha et al, 2004). South Asian groups tend to smoke bidi or hookah (Shihadeh et al, 2004). In an hour-long smoking session of hookah, users consume about 100 to 200 times the smoke of a single cigarette (Shihadeh et al, 2004). Only 10% of South Asians associate smoking with any form of lung disease (Shihadeh et al, 2004). The belief within Asian culture is that hookah smoking is safer than cigarette smoking due to tobacco being filtered by passing through water (Shihadeh et al, 2004). Hookah contains similar properties of that of a cigarette. Research has identified that there are in fact greater amounts of tar and heavy metals in Hookah than cigarette smoke (Shihadeh et al, 2004). Stress is also thought to influence smoking in South Asian groups. South Asian men tend to lead stressful lives due to them being separated from family and employed in poorly paid work (Chang-Yeung et al, 2004).South Asian men working in the catering industry suffer particularly severe stress as a result of unsocial and long working hours (Chang-Yeung et al, 2004). Age also influences smoking. Smoking is cultural accepted especially in the older generation. However, this generation in particularly lacks knowledge of the health effects of smoking and have a more fatalistic approach to life (Chang-Yeung et al, 2004). The younger generations are more likely to smoke because of influence of peer pressure, image, and rebellion, which are similar characteristics to their White British counter parts (Chang-Yeung et al, 2004).A large proportion of South Asians are Muslims (Chang-Yeung et al, 2004). The Koran does forbid intoxicants that harm health but does not expressly forbid tobacco. However it is religiously unacceptable to smoke in a mosque (Chang-Yeung et al, 2004). A key competency with the ANP and author’s role is to promote health and reduce health risks through teaching and coaching with the long-term aim of preventing disease (RCN, 2008). The RCN (2008, p16) state that an â€Å"ANP should be able to identify any obstructive behaviours and put strategies in place to try and achieve better outcomes for patients†.The author’s objectives are to reduce tobacco smoking, raise awareness of health conditions related to smoking amongst South Asians men. Appropriate targeting and involvement of South Asian men taking into consideration culture and tradition is essential for health promotion to be successful (Chang-Yeung et al, 2004). To address these smoking rates the author plans to work with Muslim religious leaders to educate them on the health risk associated with smoking and to gain support that tobacco smoking is religiously unacceptable.With religious leaders backing the author then plans to hopefully obtain agreement for a national policy to be disseminated. To disseminate a policy nationally the authors plans to use her ANP professional credentials and expertise. The author plans to provide evidence base d literature with regards to the link between COPD and smoking. The author plans to build reliance’s with community leaders, ANP’s and the public health department to gain support in developing a national policy highlighting the risk factors of smoking in the South Asian community.Developing a coalition with the multidisciplinary team and gaining public support will influence the development of a policy and strengthen its credibility (Hamric, Spross and Hanson, 2009). The author also plans to raise awareness of smoking cessation aids by approaching South Asian radio, TV and press. Advertising through the media is a powerful way of the ANP addressing public health issue within a specific community (Hamric, Spross and Hanson, 2009). There is evidence that passive smoking can also reduce lung function and gas diffusion which can have an impact on COPD (Chapman et al, 2006).The government in both the UK and Ireland have since highlighted that passive smoking is a public health issue and have since barred smoking in the workplace and pu blic areas (Chapman et al, 2006). In the UK, cigarette sales fell by 11% following the first month of the smoking ban. However the number of smokers among the Irish population has risen significantly since the introduction of the smoking ban to 29% from 27% according to the Department of Health (2007). Current smoking rates are higher than that of the UK average which may explain the higher prevalence rates of COPD in Ireland.It’s is suggested the rise in smoking rates following the ban are that non-smokers are trying cigarette so they dont feel left out when accompanying their smoking friends outside public places, such as, public houses (Pride and Soriano,2008). The public have also adapted to the ban by smoking and ‘partying’ at home (Robinson, 2008). It’s encouraging to know that South Asia has followed both UK and Irish tobacco laws. A bill was passed in 2005 banning on all forms of tobacco advertisements, making the majority of public places smoke-free and highlighting warnings signs on tobacco products (Robinson, 2008).The smoking ban was originally implemented to h ave positive outcome on reducing smoking rates. However, the effects of the smoking ban are both controversial and embarrassing for the government with smoking rates increasing in Ireland since the implementation of the smoking ban (Robinson, 2008). The author recognises various environmental factors affecting people can contribute to the likelihood in developing COPD. The author plan to promote health promotion and educate patients around all risk factors associated with COPD.This strategy along with the smoking ban demonstrates the ANP competency by providing health protection interventions to promote healthy environments for individuals, families and communities (RCN, 2008). Social-economic status is also a detrimental factor in the prevalence of COPD (Collins et al, 2010). Nearly 50% of patients with a diagnosis of COPD live in deprivation (Renwick and Connolly, 1996). The more deprived the area, such as low income and high rates of unemployment the higher prevalence of COPD (Renwick and Connolly, 1996). Deprivation will not directly increase the risk of developing COPD but will be a factor that indirectly increases risk through environmental factors like damp housing, higher occupational exposure to sources of dust/asbestos and fewer resources to seek and receive appropriate medical care (Dewar and Curry, 2006). Within the author’s ward 82% of the population are within the 5% most deprived area and is amongst the 20% most deprived areas in the UK. Figures in Ireland are marginally lower with 20% of the population living in poverty.However, figures are double in South Asia suggesting 40% of the population lives in poverty surviving on less than 76 pence per day. The number of South Asians living in poverty is occupied by low income (Chang-Yeung et al, 2004). High levels of poverty can have a serious impact on people’s access to appropriate healthcare (Robinson, 2008). ANP’s are central to improving patient access to services by providing clinics in accessible pla ces where historically care would not of been provided, such as in a mosque, refugee or shopping centre (Hamric, Spross and Hanson, 2009). A report by the Agency Healthcare Research and Quality (2005) concluded that 85% of people living deprivation received lower quality in care in comparison to people receiving higher incomes. This may be due to people living in areas of high levels of poverty and deprivation is strongly associated to crime and violence (Collins et al, 2008). This can lead to difficulties recruiting staff into these areas contributing to staff retention due to the added risk factors associated to crime and violence (Collins et al, 2008).South Asians groups living in the UK have similar educational backgrounds to their White British counter parts (Tanner, 2000). However, degrees achieved in South Asia are often not accepted in the UK (Tanner, 2000). For this reason, there are higher instances in this group forced into lower paid jobs, such as, taxi driving and hotelier, which will contributes of deprivation which is known to increase the incidence of COPD (Tanner, 2000). Poor housing, damp and inadequat e ventilation can contribute to the prevalence and mortality of COPD (Chapman et al, 2006). Nationally overcrowding is a concern in-particular within Bangladeshi households with 44% living in overcrowded conditions compared to only 6% of their White British counter parts (Office for National Statistics, 2004b). The rise in property price, limited affordable housing contribute to low income and high levels of over-crowding (Office for National Statistics, 2004b). South Asians have higher average household sizes than the national average, which again make them more liable to overcrowded conditions (Ahmed, 2001).Overcrowding may also be related to poor accessibility to adequate housing in different parts of the country (Office for National Statistics, 2004b). Ethnic Minorities Percentage Who Own Their Own Homes (Office for National Statistics, 2004b) The author’s local ward is densely populated with a population of approximately 26,000 people. The population density is 364 people per Square Kilometer (km2) compared to an Irish population density of just 63 people per km 2 (Gallego, 2008). South Asia on average consists of 571 people per km2 (Gallego, 2008). However within these figures Bangladeshi have the highest population density at 1,127 people per km2 (Gallego, 2008). This is due to high fertility rates and young population 40% of the population is under the age of 24 years old ( Koenig et al, 1997). Traditionally, marriage is promoted relatively young; contraceptive prevalence is low, leading to childbearing starting early among Bangladeshi women (Koenig et al, 1999). Highly densely populated areas have an impact on the incidence of COPD due to higher levels of air population (Gallego, 2008).Air pollution can have a detrimental effect on lung function and exacerbations of COPD (Chapman et al, 2006). Air pollution levels are higher in densely populated areas because that is where most sources of pollution are found and are generated from human activity (Ayres and Harrison, 2005). The World Health Organisation (2005) estimates that air pollution causes 1-2 % of COPD cases annually. Air pollution is exacerbated in South Asia due to its heavy reliance on coal for power generation ((Ayres and Harrison, 2005). Vehicle emissions are responsible for 70% of the country’s air pollution (Anderson, 2010).Indoor air pollution is one of the most important causes of COPD in South Asia (World Health Organisation, 2005). Over 700 million people in South Asia suffer from high levels of indoor air pollution in-particular affecting women and young children as 75% of homes use burn biomass fuels use inefficient wood stoves in poorly ventilated area ( World Health Organisation, 2005). Evidence shows that people living in deprivation have less healthy diets, such as, less fruit and vegetable intakes and consumption of more processed foods which are higher in saturated fats and salt rather that fresh food (REF).Generally South Asians tend to eat fewer fruit and vegetables, which contain lower antioxidants (Department of Health, 2007). This may be because they traditionally adapted their diet before migration to the UK due to financial constraints and high levels of deprivation within their original country (Collins et al, 2008). A diet rich in antioxidants may be a risk factor in lung injury leading to COPD (Rahman and Kilty, 2006). Although not intentional a diet low in antioxidants may be beneficial in COPD, however, the overall risk factors of a diet consisting of little fruit certainly outweigh this theory (Collins et al, 2008).Research highlights a diet rich in omega-3 inhibits arachidonic acid production protecting against bronchoconstriction, which can lead to COPD (Chapman et al, 2006). However, foods such as fish which contain high levels of omega-3 can become costly for people who are on a low income (Collins et al, 2008). Research suggests that genetics may also determine the likely hood and progression of developing COPD (Britton and Hopkin, 1999). It is estimated that about 1% of all COPD patients actually have anti-protease antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency. Patients who have A1AT deficiency i have a high risk in developing COPD. A1AT deficiency is more common in White than in South Asian groups (Britton and Hopkin, 1999). People with low levels of A1AT are further characterised by their phenotype (Britton and Hopkin, 1999). The normal phenotype is MM, which means one normal gene from each parent. There are many phenotypes which categorise a level of risk of developing COPD with ZZ indicating a high risk of contracting COPD. The ZZ phenotype does not occur in black and is very rare in Asian groups (Britton and Hopkin, 1999). This genetic difference indicates that the risk of developing COPD is more probable in White than Asian groups (Britton and Hopkin, 1999).However, further research is required in genetics to confirm this theory (Britton and Hopkin, 1999). Diagnosing COPD in both the UK and Ireland are robust using standards, such as National Institute of Clinical Excellence (2010) and Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (2006) which suggests spiromery as ‘gold’ standard when diagnosing COPD. Both standards give clear evidence based recommendations in the management of COPD (National Institute of Clinical Excellence, 2010 and Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, 2006).In South Asia COPD is predominately diagnosed by a medical practitioner on symptoms alone. Diagnosis is not always consistent nor evidence based. The use of spirometry is not commonly used due to financial constraints (Raherison and Girode, 2009). This leads to under diagnosis due to these financial constraints in a country where there are high levels of deprivation (Raherison and Girode, 2009). Purchasing healthcare in South Asia can be extremely costly due to a private healthcare system (Raherison and Girode, 2009). This can leaves people unable to seek medical help, and unable to purchase the appropriate medical treatment.However, evidence also highlights that COPD is also under diagnosed in developed countries, such as the UK and Ireland (World Health Organisation, 2011). This is due to under-diagnosing, mis-diagnosing and lack of public awareness of the disease worldwide (World Health Organisation, 2011). In view of the UK’s financial deficit the government have published a document, The White Paper Equity and Excellence: Liberating the NHS (Department of Health, 2010a). The paper plans is to reform the NHS (Department of Health, 2010a). The policy aims to make GPs responsible for commissioning health services through consortiums.GP consortiums plan to work closely with secondary care, community and other health and care professionals to design services that are tailored to patient needs (Department of Health, 2010a). These consortiums will have to make savings of ? 50 million over the next four years (Department of Health, 2010b). That equates to ? 1m for each month for the next 48 months (Department of Health, 2010b). For this to be achieved requires a significant reduction in costly hospital admissions (Department of Health, 2010b). It is estimated that commissioners could save more than ? 00 million over the next decade by improving COPD care (Calkin, 2010) The disease is costly accounting for one in eight emergency admissions in the UK and the second highest number of bed days. Data suggests that consortiums could save an average ? 5. 3 million each by 2020 if they implement programs to educate patients and help them manage their condition without the need for hospital admissions (Department of Health, 2010b). This could reduce the number of COPD hospital spells by an average of 33% by 2014 (Department of Health, 2010b). In the author’s local area between 2006-2007 there were 470 hospital admissions for COPD accounting for 3,592 hospital bed days average cost with each admission averaging a single hospital stay at ? 2,426 (The National Health Service Information Centre, 2009). This equates to a substantial amount of money due to hospital admissions that could have been avoided with earlier diagnosis and better management of the condition within Primary Care (The National Health Service Information Centre, 2009). A population assessment can be beneficial within the ANP role when evaluating and improving on existing services, (RCN, 2008).The author is currently working within an ANP role. The author plans to enhance existing community COPD screening provision by implementing a clinic to identify South Asian patients at risk of developing COPD. The author plans to setup various prevention and early diagnosis screening clinic throughout her ward, targeting South Asian men. The author plan to targe t this at risk group by firstly examining GP’s Quality Outcome Framework registers. This ANP led service will promote early diagnosis and improve the long-term management for these patients and reduce the financial burden long-term.The service would provide health promotion and education, early spirometry screening informing patient of their lung age and smoking cessation support. Early spirometry screening telling smokers their lung age significantly improves the likelihood of them quitting smoking (Parkes et al, 2008). Currently within the authors trust services focus on managing late onset COPD which is both timely and expensive. Clinics led by ANP’s are rapidly growing due to being easily accessible, conveniently situated and value for money (Hamric, Spross and Hanson, 2009).ANP led clinics are substantially lower in cost than employing a doctor (Hamric, Spross and Hanson, 2009). However, some doctors do have concerns with ANP led clinics and the quality of care they may be provided in comparison to a doctor (Hamric, Spross and Hanson, 2009). However, with consortiums facing substantial cuts in budget’s it is speculated that the role of the ANP will be embraced by GP’s throughout the country with regards to meeting the needs of their population and the delivery of quality cost effective treatment (Department of Health, 2010b).The authors proposed service would meet several of the priorities set out by the White paper to improve COPD services, reduce costs and improve outcome for patients. On the basis of the needs of the author’s local area this would address the number of hospital admission, reduced bed days with the overall aim of reducing cost and improving outcome for patients. This highlights the author is demonstrating skills defined by an ANP, such as, planning, developing and implementing programmes of care to promote health and well-being and address the needs of her population (Hamric, Spross and Hanson, 2009).In conclusion, research consistently shows that there is a lack of awareness of t he serious health risk associated with smoking in-particular among south Asian groups. Unfortunately there is further evidence needed in the prevalence of COPD especially in South Asian groups. The current under reporting of QOF data prevalence means that it may be difficult to plan for and deliver future health needs. Under reporting can lead to a failure in identifying the disease. Identifying the disease earlier can lead to most cost effective treatment (Department of Health, 2010b).

International trade and Investments

International trade and Investments Introduction The following discussion focuses on IMF’s ECLAC’s effects on international trade and investments regarding the stages of economic development. These stages of economic growth are best analyzed using Rostow’s model that is characterized by five stages namely: traditional society, transitional stage, take off, drive to maturity, and high mass consumption. The stages of economic growth are affected by fiscal policy that is aimed at achieving macroeconomic stability, and possibly making some long term economic growth.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on International trade and Investments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discussion International Monetary Fund (IMF) has some effects on international trade and investments regarding the stages of economic development in the sense that it supports fiscal deficits that are caused by monetary expansion in the increased government expen diture leading to balance-of –payment problems. The IMF through its structural adjustment programme reduces the balance-of-payment problems by eliminating both the balance of payment (BOP) and fiscal deficits, thus making the economy to remain stable (Anupam Krishna, 2002). In addition, the IMF structural adjustment programme promotes economic growth and reduces unemployment levels. Moreover, the IMF provides financial assistance to governments, and this promotes international trade, investments, economic growth and development (Anupam Krishna, 2002). The study of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) effects on international trade and investments regarding the stages of economic development I are also important for this discussion. The ECLAC often takes important decisions and implements viable policies that greatly affect both the economic and social developments (ECLAC, 2002). Through ECLAC’s efforts, significant international trade, investments and economic developments have been realized across the globe, transforming the traditional society stage of economic development to a more advanced manufacturing sector that is characterized by high mass consumption. In fact, ECLAC’s policies make it possible to realize significant growth in both income and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) coupled with increase in international trade and investment portfolios. This sound macroeconomic management stabilizes exchange rate regimes and exchange rates (ECLAC, 2002).Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More ECLAC provides strong economic platforms and structures for investing in human and financial resources at both the local and international levels. These well supported economic structures promote sustainable development. ECLAC in its position of leadership is capable of identifying emerging global tr ends in the economy that affect international trade and investments such as international economic and political issues (ECLAC, 2002). For instance, ECLAC links one different trading region with one another using its International Trade and Integration Division (ITID). And, through this linkage programme, it provides the trading partners with important information on opportunities and some challenges that affect international trade and investment. Importantly, ECLAC’s effects on international trade and investments regarding the stages of economic development can be seen in its effort to develop some joint strategies that aim at promoting trade and investments. In addition, ECLAC works together with other development partners on infrastructure, creativity and innovation. Finally, it provides sound policy frameworks on international dialogues and cooperation (ECLAC, 2002). Conclusion In summary, IMF’s ECLAC’s effects on international trade and investments regardi ng the stages of economic development are geared towards economic stability by eliminating balance-of-payment deficits, and this can be best achieved through the application of sound fiscal macroeconomic policies. The IMF has structural adjustment programme that makes it possible for governments to borrow funds for infrastructural developments and economic projects. On the other hand, ECLAC’s effects can be seen in its joint strategy formulation for promoting international trade and investments that encourage different stages of economic development. References Anupam, B. Krishna, S. (2002). Foreign direct investment in Africa. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on International trade and Investments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More ECLAC (2002). Globalization and Development, Report for bi-annual session period, of ECLAC Brazilia. Retrieved from www.eclac.o rg/publicaciones/xml/5/10035/summaryINGLES.pdf

Declaration of Independence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Declaration of Independence - Essay Example Although a number of rights were provided by the Constitution during the subsequent 150 years, the Equal Rights Amendment that was intended to provide equality for women was rejected by a referendum. It is in the context of these circumstances that the role of Susan B Anthony is considered important because she devoted her entire life for the cause of women’s suffrage movements. She was a prominent American civil rights leader who played a pivotal role in the 19th century women's rights movement to introduce women's suffrage into the United States. She was one of the important advocates in leading the way for women's rights to be acknowledged and instituted in the American government. Her achievements set the pace for passing the 19th Amendment in 1920, fourteen years after she died. This development eventually allowed women to have the right to vote. Susan B Anthony was a staunch supporter of human rights, which is evident from the fact that during her trial she is known to h ave told the judges to make correct and unbiased opinions about the prevailing law and that as far as possible they should make room for providing benefits in the context of women’s equal rights and liberty while considering that the actual â€Å"rule of interpretation under our national constitution, especially since its amendments, is that anything for human rights is constitutional, everything against human right unconstitutional† (Lutz, 2010, p.121). It on the basis of this line of action that she fought peacefully for rights pertaining to the ballot. Despite fighting a peaceful battle, Susan B Anthony was persistent in getting her way through until she achieved victory in getting equal status before the law for all American citizens. The... The researcher states that human rights cannot be considered to be the same as sets of behaviors, that can be punished or required to be necessarily implemented by law or that can be unfair to people or utilized for repressing marginal groups. During the end of the eighteenth century, John Locke had contended that it was a basic element of God’s innate laws that no individual should cause harm to another in terms of possessions, freedom or health. Such rights cannot be forfeited under any circumstances and the existence of this innate law even implied whatever possible can be done in protecting these rights. It therefore meant that no individual could be put under the rule of another person unless he or she gave consent. The government was responsible to safeguard natural rights. Such conditions limited the ability of the government to do several things legitimately and gave people the right to challenge a government overstepping its authorities. The American democratic govern ment is structured on the basis of the inherent rights of all citizens to make an opinion through voting. By indirectly referring to the provision of basic human rights, Susan B Anthony asserted that the government must provide citizens with security in order to enable them to enjoy their basic rights of voting. In keeping with this line of approach, she fought a peaceful battle for the voting rights for women but she was persistent in her efforts until she was victorious whereby all US citizens would be given equal status before the law.

Critical review of article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critical review of article - Essay Example This type of stereotyping has had adverse affect on men’s healthcare and alienated men from healthcare. He stresses the need for new healthcare and policies for men that are without any biases and tailored to need their particular requirements be they children, young men or grandfathers. Published by Earthscan in 2005, London J.J Macdonald’s book â€Å"Environments for Health† contains many arguments on the affect of social environments on health and in â€Å"A salutogenic approach to men’s health† (Ch. 6) he focuses on men’s healthcare. For Macdonald salutogenic health includes psychological and environmental factors, encompassing an interest in the lives of people: their physical, emotional, fiscal and cultural environment. Macdonald believes that any public health approach should address the needs for prevention of disease and access to health care of all categories including children, women, elderly people or men. He feels men’s health is a neglected field. He concentrates on the issue of men’s healthcare and the biases surrounding it. It is rather that in any population health approach one should adopt an overall systems look at the needs for prevention and access to care of different groups in their own right, whether children, women, older people or men. An objective view of the health needs and status of any population will lead to the inclusion of men’s health issues as a matter of course. He concentrates on the social position of men vis-à  -vis their health, how factors like stress, status, poverty, violence and gender bias negatively affect provision of necessary healthcare. (Macdonald, 2005) The first thing Macdonald notes is that men’s healthcare is focused on disease rather than men in general and that men are perceived to â€Å"behave badly† i.e. the general stereotyping of men is that they are violent, abusive and neglectful of their bodies and health.. So heart

Smoking---policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Smoking---policy - Essay Example Studies reveal that children get affected most with asthma symptoms due to environmental tobacco smoke. Even an adult who does not smoke but live with a smoker have a 30% higher risk of lung cancer than the one who is not a passive smoker (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). It is estimated that secondhand smoke kills over 50,000 non-smokers in the US each year (Graff, 2008). Over the years, nonsmokers have been convincing authorities to put a ban on smoking at all public places as they do not want to become passive smokers and endanger their health. Smokers, on the other hand, oppose any policy that imposes ban on smoking at public places. According to them, such policy is a clear violation to their liberty and basic rights as made out in the US constitution (Kjono, 2007). Currently, the state laws differ significantly in banning smoking at public places. While formulating a policy framework to create smoke-free public places, it becomes imperative to examine such policy in the context of social, ethical, legal and economic perspectives affecting varied stakeholders. Smokers, nonsmokers, and cigarette or cigar manufacturers and marketers are the major stakeholders who are going to be affected from this policy issue. The policy proposition is to safeguard the health of nonsmokers from the second-hand smoke; smokers will lose their freedom of smoking at the place causing inconvenience to them. Any reduction in smoking due to this policy implementation will lower the business potential of the cigarette manufacturers and marketers. The State as a stakeholder will be benefitted in the long-term due to reduced spending on public healthcare. There is a clear divide between smokers and non-smokers as nonsmokers believe that all employees have the right to inhale smoke-free clean air at work places and must be

Endoscopic Ultrasound Benefits in Gastroenterology

Endoscopic Ultrasound Benefits in Gastroenterology Endoscopy, a big fortune for disease around gastrointestinal tract Gastroenterology, especially the techniques in gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy, has developed rapidly in the past two decades. The progress made in minimally invasive endoscopic techniques enables more and more gastrointestinal diseases detected and treated. Getting to be mature, the techniques such as the endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), are now applicable to more indications and not that restrained by the condition of GI wall; besides, the techniques are even applied to the organs surrounding the GI tract [1], such as lung, pancreas, gallbladder, liver, adrenal glands, bladder, uterus and etc. EUS EUS is a medical procedure which combines endoscopy with ultrasound to obtain images of the internal organs in the chest and abdomen. During the procedure, a small ultrasound probe is inserted into the GI tract to screening for surrounding lesions. On account of the very close proximity between the probe and the lesion, it is referred to as internal scanning. The high frequency EUS provides very high-resolution images but not leading to vision impairment caused by the air in GI tract. EUS can detect lesions in millimeters by the high-resolution image processed with short wavelength and high frequency sound. And these tiny lesions cannot be detected by CT scan, MRI and other methods, which can only detect lesions of larger volumes, typically measured in centimeters. EUS, recommended by numerous professional guidelines [2-6], have now become an irreplaceable tool in the diagnosis of hepatobilliary malignancies, lung cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer and pancreatic cancer. EUS is also used to identify the tumor staging with invaded adjacent organs due to its accuracy, providing valuable information in selecting treatment protocols and estimating prognosis [7]. Furthermore, the development of linear scanning echo endoscopes has brought a new approach since the 1990s: the ultrasound-guided fine needle puncture. Since then, EUS has evolved from a purely diagnostic imaging modality to an interventional procedure. The devices make it possible to gain access into closed organs through the GI wall and the GI tract; not only the surrounding lesions of the GI tract are detectable, but also the samples can be collected for cytopathological diagnosis; besides, we can drain fluid and inject therapeutic agents to manage the diseases with the devices. EUS-FNA EUS guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is currently performed as a routine examination in more and more endoscopic centers. It is extremely important to obtain the malignant samples with EUS-FNA for cytological or histological examinations safely and reliably with notable efficacy [8]; EUS-FNA is also essential in dependably excluding malignancy in indeterminate lesions, particularly for the otherwise inaccessible lesions 9. The GI tract traverses through various anatomical regions with corresponding specialties such as pulmonology, thoracic surgery, internal medicine, oncology, urology, gynecology and endocrinology, so the application of EUS-FNA is not confined to gastroenterology. For experienced practitioners, the sensitivity of this procedure in malignancy is over 90% 10.EUS-FNA is obviously significant in managing malignant tumors. EUS-guided therapy EUS-guided therapy covers immensely, including drainage of pancreatic fluids, gallbladder and other fluids, accessing to pancreatic and biliary systems; celiac plexus neurolysis; vascular interventions and ablative therapies. Being safe and effective, EUS is the first-line therapy for uncomplicated pseudocysts 11. Though there is still controversial, multiple studies have now shown that walled-off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN) can be treated with endoscopy at low morbidity and mortality [12. Limited literature there is, still can EUS guided drainage and debridement be successfully applied to treatment for uncomplicated pseudocysts such as abscesses in the lower and upper abdomen. EUS-guided fine needle therapy is becoming more promising. It is now considered as a cutting edge technique in the rapidly expanding field of therapy for pancreatic cancerà ¦Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¯Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ­Ã‚ £Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ®, especially in an era when so many ablation therapies are confirmed with palliative effect for advanced pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, the current therapies, however,benefit little to most patients. Recently, initial success is reported in many studies that medication injection and intra-pancreatic tumor therapy under the EUS guidance [13, including EUS-guided radiofrequency ablation, EUS-guided alcoholic ablation, EUS-guided gene therapy and EUS guided interstitial brachytherapy. These techniques enable us to manage pancreatic cancer in a relatively minimally invasive manner with low incidence of procedure-related complications. These latest cutting-edge techniques may give hope in treating pancreatic cancer, the deadly disease in the near future. Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) More vigorous endoscopic therapies emerge as the development of flexible endoscopic technology, such as endoscopic necrosectomy, full thickness resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection. So more and more diseases are now treated with endoscopy. NOTES, another up-to-date technique as a promising alternative to conventional surgery, is of great concern recently. In NOTS, an endoscope passes through the natural orifice such as mouth, urethra and anus, and then it goes through an internal incision in the stomach, vagina or colon, thus external incisions and incision-related complications would be avoidable. The NOTES is improving as the GI closure instrument develops, and it is studied not only in animal models but also in humans [14, involving abdominal cavity exploration and biopsy, transvaginal cholecystectomy, transgastric appendectomy, transvaginal appendectomy, transvesical peritoneoscopy and so forth. According to literature, EUS is essential for its value in evaluating and performing NOTES [15-18. There is a promising platform for EUS-based NOTES in the future 15. Jeong et al has shown the feasibility of NOTES interventions through a forward-viewing endoscopic ultrasound 15. Currently, the following mentioned EUS-based procedures are performed: EUS evaluation and endoscopic biopsy of intraperitoneal organs, EUS-guided radiofrequency ablation (EUS-RFA), EUS-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) and argon plasma coagulation (APC) for hemostatic control. Not only can EUS detect the lesions surrounding the GI tract, but also can locate for the NOTES procedure. EUS guided drainage for pseudocyst and EUS guided transluminal retroperitoneal endoscopic necrosectomy of walled-off necrosis have now proved to be safe and effective in clinical setting 15, 19. This is the real day for NOTES technique. Studies on NOTES are encouraging, but still there is a long way to go. More sophisticated NOTES technique is to be explored to guarantee the safety of the procedure. To summarize, more and more diseases surrounding the GI tract can be diagnosed and treated as the big fortune of endoscopic technique develops, such as the EUS and NOTES, and the GI tract will become the service tunnel of human body. References Mekky MA, Abbas WA. Endoscopic ultrasound in gastroenterology: From diagnosis to therapeutic implications. World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Jun 28;20(24):7801-7807. Ajani JA, Barthel JS, Bentrem DJ, DAmico TA, Das P, Denlinger CS, et al. Esophageal and esophagogastric junction cancers. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2011 Aug 1;9(8):830-87. Ajani JA, Bentrem DJ, Besh S, D’Amico TA, Das P, Denlinger C, et al. Gastric cancer, version 2.2013: featured updates to the NCCN Guidelines. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2013 May 1;11(5):531-46. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Version 1.2013. Accessed September 24, 2013. Kalemkerian GP, Akerley W, Bogner P, Borghaei H, Chow L, Downey RJ, et al. Smallcelllungcancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2011 Oct;9(10):1086-113. Ettinger DS1, Akerley W, Borghaei H, Chang AC, Cheney RT, Chirieac LR, et al. Non-small cell lung cancer.J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2012 Oct 1;10(10):1236-71. D’Journo XB, Thomas PA. Current management of esophageal cancer. J Thorac Dis 2014;6(S2):S253-S264. Leong S, Shaipanich T, Lam S, Yasufuku K. Diagnostic bronchoscopycurrent and future perspectives. J Thorac Dis 2013;5(S5):S498-S510. Costache MI, Iordache S, Karstensen JG, Saftoiu A, Vilmann P. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration: From the past to the future. Endosc Ultrasound 2013;2:77-85. Sahai AV. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration: Getting to the point. Endosc Ultrasound 2014;3:1-2. Ng PY, Rasmussen DN, Vilmann P, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts: Medium-term assessment of outcomes and complications. Endosc Ultrasound 2013;2:199-203. Kawakami H, Itoi T, Sakamoto N. Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Transluminal Drainage for Peripancreatic Fluid Collections: Where Are We Now? Gut Liver. 2014 Jul;8(4):341-355. Epub 2014 Jul 1. Carrara S, Petrone MC, Testoni PA, Arcidiacono PG.Tumors and new endoscopic ultrasound-guided therapies.World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2013 Apr 16;5(4):141-7. Chen Huang, Ren-Xiang Huang, Zheng-Jun Qiu.Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery: New minimally invasive surgery come of age. World J Gastroenterol. Oct 21, 2011; 17(39): 4382-4388. Jeong SU, Aizan H, Song TJ, Seo DW, Kim SH, Park do H, et al. Forward-viewing endoscopic ultrasound-guided NOTES interventions: a study on peritoneoscopic potential. World J Gastroenterol. 2013 Nov 7;19(41):7160-7. Donatsky AM1, Andersen L, Nielsen OL, Holzknecht BJ, Vilmann P, et al. Pure natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) with ultrasonography-guided transgastric access and over-the-scope-clip closure: a porcine feasibility and survival study. SurgEndosc. 2012 Jul;26(7):1952-62. Matthes K1, Thakkar SJ, Lee SH, Gromski MA, Lim RB, Janschek J, et al. Development of a pancreatic tumor animal model and evaluation of NOTES tumor enucleation. SurgEndosc. 2011 Oct;25(10):3191-7. Saftoiu A1, Vilmann P, Bhutani MS. Feasibility study of EUS-NOTES as a novel approach for peroralcholecysto-gastrostomy. Chirurgia (Bucur). 2013 Jan-Feb;108(1):62-9. Abdelhafez M1, Elnegouly M, Hasab Allah MS, Elshazli M, Mikhail HM, Yosry A. Transluminal retroperitoneal endoscopic necrosectomy with the use of hydrogen peroxide and without external irrigation: a novel approach for the treatment of walled-off pancreatic necrosis. Surg Endosc. 2013 Oct;27(10):3911-20.

Differentiated Instruction is Necessary to Meet the Needs of All Learne

Is differentiated instruction necessary to meet the needs of all levels of learners within the environment based on learning styles, interests, and readiness levels? Differentiated instruction involves daily assessment, either formal or informal, lots of planning, and a classroom of learners working together as a community (Tilton, 2001). Differentiated instruction is a learner-centered instructional design model that acknowledges that students have individual learning styles, motivations, abilities, and, therefore, readiness to learn. Differentiated instruction adapts learning to the students’ unique differences. It is a must for teachers to learn as much about each student as possible. Understanding students helps guide teachers’ decisions to match appropriate materials and strategies to each learner’s needs. The strategies and activities are student-centered, based on readiness, planned with flexible grouping designs, and changed as needed to meet the needs of all learners. These personalized experiences give students access to all of the information and skills they can assimilate in their learning journeys (Chapman & King, 2005). This approach meets the academic and related needs of a wide array of diverse learners in schools (Edwards, Carr, & Siegel 2006). Effective teachers in a differentiated classroom have always considered their students’ uniqueness (i.e, academic needs, talents, interests, learning styles) in planning, teaching, and evaluating lessons. Tomlinson (1999) describes other features of this approach, among them the engagement of students through different learning modalities; each student’s competition with self; flexibility in various aspects of the school day; teacher as diagnostician; multiple ... ... substantial support (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 404-613). Sparks, D. (2005 Fall). Differentiation within team-based teacher learning. Journal of staff development, 26(4), 4. Stone, J. G. (2001). Building classroom community: the early childhood teacher's role. Scholastic Early Childhood Today, 16(3), 17-18. Tilton, L (2001). Inclusion: a fresh look; practical strategies to help all students succeed. Shorewood, MI Covington Cove Publications. Tomlinson, C.A. (1999). The differentiated classroom: responding to the needs of all learners. Alexandria, VA: ASCD. Wong, H. K., & Wong, R.T. (1991). The first days of school. Sunnyvale, CA: Harry Wong Productions. Wong, H. K., and Wong R. T. (1998). The first days of school: how to be on effective teacher. Mountain View, CA: Harry K. Wong Publications.

Reliable Source

Associate Level Material Appendix J Reliable Sources Worksheet Locate two sources in the University Library on a topic of your choice. Provide the required information for both sources. Source 1 †¢ Author: Kaylin , Lucy †¢ Date: Dec2011 †¢ Title: The Family Man †¢ Publication: Write a 100- to 150-word response to each of the following questions: †¢ Is the source reliable? How do you know? Yes, the source is reliable it explains exactly what your looking for as in the topic. The information provides tell you what’s it focus as The Family Man.In short detail the abstract get directly to the point on what the source of information will be about. What he does as a family man and how he is consider as The Family Man. He is not a father but he does support a small family of orphaned children and his intentions for them are good. †¢ Is the information relevant to the topic? Yes, the available information is relevant to the topic, while reading the abstra ct of the back it gives you a brief summary on what it is about. The Family Man is a man that is not a father but who supports a small family of orphaned children.He doesn’t get emotionally attached to the kids for what ever reason I don’t know but as a man he does support them and have good intentions for them but he just doesn’t express his emotions to them. This is a typical man at times. So yes The Family Man abstract does have relevant connections to the topic. †¢ Does the information reflect a bias on the author’s part? If so, what is the bias? With this source no this is information doesn’t reflect a bias on the author’s part. No one is against or being treated unfair. Source 2 †¢ Author: Kriesberg, Louis †¢ Date: May67 Title: Rearing Children for educational achievements in fatherless families. †¢ Publication: Write a 100- to 150-word response to each of the following questions: †¢ Is the source reliable? How do you know? Yes, this source is reliable it gives you accurate information about the topic and leads you to honestly of why married and husbandless mothers are compared to assess how certain concomitants of fatherless families may be related to attitudes and behaviors relevant for their children’s educational achievement. †¢ Is the information relevant to the topic? Yes, the available information is relevant to the topic.While reading the abstract of the back it gives you a brief summary on what it is about. Rearing children for educational achievement in fatherless families is basically explaining about the students that doesn’t have a father are not focused into the educational achievement and seem to me their always getting compared to the kids that has fathers and that’s focus into the educational achievement. †¢ Does the information reflect a bias on the author’s part? If so, what is the bias? Yes, this information is a reflection of bias on the author’s part being that the children with father’s always getting compared to the children with no father.

Eduction Example

Eduction Example Eduction – Article Example Article review In this article, the has suggested Cognitive Enrichment Advantage (CEA) as a very beneficial approach to mediated learning in the context of adult education. The author has identified three particular areas where CEA can be employed to facilitate adult learning including emancipatory education, basic education, and development and training of workforce. While the ways in which the CEA approach can benefit the three identified areas overlap, the author suggests that closely examining the relevant applications and overlapping concepts can benefit adults in all three domains. The author has rightly challenged the notion that pedagogical strategies suitable for children are always ineffective or useless for adult learners. Drawing upon the benefits of CEA, the author presents it as an example of pedagogical strategies that are equally suitable for child and adult learners.The paper offers a brief yet detailed insight into the concept of CEA and throws light on the potentia l ways in which it can enhance adult learning. The statements and arguments of the author are grounded in the review of latest and advanced literature. The author has supported facts and propositions with reliable literary sources. The author has elaborated all building blocks of thinking to provide a holistic understanding of how CEA improves thinking and learning. Use of CEA improves personalized learning. If teachers develop the ability to use and integrate CEA into the instructional strategy, this would not only improve their quality of lectureship, but also promote understanding among the learners of what senses they need to concentrate upon and improve in order to learn better.

A Test of Ethics

A Test of Ethics Free Online Research Papers In the past when news was related to cheating, the focus was usually aimed at students who take tests. Current trends are shifting that focus to those who give tests. Reports and studies related to the teaching profession document actions that range from subtle coaching to blatant manipulation (Cizek, 2003). These practices are seen in every level of education including post secondary education. Since the enactment of the 2002 No Child Left Behind law, teachers and administrators are under intense pressure to increase their schools’ test scores (Grow, 2004). With the stakes set so high, a minority of teachers are â€Å"reaching to the test† (Posner, 2004), manipulating testing procedures, and sending the wrong message to students. The majority of educators plays by the book and teach with high moral standards. â€Å"teachers spend an incredible amount of time and energy focusing their curriculum on what is tested, and these pressures lead people to do some peculiar things† (Asimou, Wallack, 2007). At Actis Junior High in Bakersfield, California, seventh-grade teachers altered their lesson plans to cover narrative writing after the principal informed them it would be included on the 2005 writing test (Asimou, Wallack, 2007). In San Diego at Mar Vista High School, an unidentified algebra teacher admitted to tutoring an 11th- grader taking the state math exam (Asimou, Wallack, 2007). â€Å"Teaching to the test† focuses on material that will be on standardized tests. This method of teaching usually results in better test taking skills. However, a rise in standardized test scores does not always reflect improvement in real academic performance. Teaching to the test also narrows curriculum, encouraging administrators, instructors, and students to focus on memorization of isolated facts. This takes away from the development of problem solving abilities, organizational skills, and communication abilities (Posner, 2004). When the government decided to become involved in education, they had standardized tests made up to cover certain subjects. These tests would monitor the progress of students. However, the government also was interested in making sure that educators were teaching properly. Each state is interested in how well teachers are teaching and students are learning. A reward system is in place for teachers and school districts. It is a perceived notion that when students do well, teachers are teaching properly. Studies suggest when Standardized testing begins, usually third or fourth grade, â€Å"teachers stop teaching†¦really teaching† (Patrick, 2007). Teachers will do what they need to do to stay employed. They teach to the test. They avoid being reprimanded, making their school look bad, and loss of their job. Students leave school with a few basic facts and the ability to take a Standardized Test (Patrick, 2007). In the past ten years, there has been a surge of teachers and administrators that cheat. Stacey Moskowitz, a Bronx, New York educator, was ordered by her principal â€Å"to make sure they passed† Standardized reading tests (Labi, 1999). Moskowitz was given cheat sheets to check her students’ answers before they filled in the answer sheets. Moskowitz went undercover to expose New York City’s public school system. At 32 elementary and middle schools, 50 teachers and two principals helped students cheat on Standardized tests. Some hinted at correct answers. Others used scratch paper to avoid multiple erasure marks. Some teachers even changed answers at the end of the day (Labi, 1999). New York City is not the only city experiencing these trends. An Atlanta teacher was caught passing out copies of the Iowa Test of Basic Skills before the exam. Another Georgia teacher was reprimanded when seven of his special-education pupils scored a perfect score o the language section of the test. In Texas, 38 schools were investigated because of numerous erasures on the Texas Assessment of Academic Skills. An Austin school district was indicted on charges of tampering with the state test results (Labi, 1999). More subtle ways of cheating occur when teachers fail to appropriately supervise students taking the tests. Other educators allow extra time to complete the tests. Some teachers even encourage low-achieving students to be absent of testing days (Cizek, 2003). Cheating in schools is not solely isolated to elementary and high schools. It also occurs in post secondary schools as well. According to Katsilometes and Butterworth (1997) Sports Illustrated Magazine reported and accused the UNLV coach for helping one of their future basketball stars to alter his Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT)scores. Sports Illustrated reported that the player took the SAT and passed the NCAA mandated minimum score, which he took nine times before and failed. The UNLV coach was also accused of altering the American College Test (ACT) scores for NBA All Star Lamar Odom. In high school, Lamar Odom was ranked 312th in his class of 334 and he carried a 71.2 average, barely passing, prior to taking the ACT. Lamar scored 22 on the ACT which ranked him in the top 42 percent of all senior high school students nationally. Recently Florida State University was involved in an academic cheating scandal which resulted in two faculty members being terminated. An investigation by the school showed that 23 students were involved in cheating. A part time tutor and a full time athletic department employee were giving teat answers while students were taking the test. They were accused of filling in answers on quizzes and typing papers for students who were absent. Several universities such as Minnesota, Miami (Fla.), Marshall, Kentucky, Howard, Georgia, Fresno State, California, and Baylor had similar allegations in the last decade which resulted in severe penalties (USAToday, 2007 p. 10C). There are several steps that can be taken to prevent cheating. The first and easiest step is to raise the issue of cheating. Make school teachers and administrators familiar and aware of testing guidelines. Encourage and implement ethics training so that the school personnel are aware of appropriate and inappropriate behavior. Second, revise test disclosure laws. Many states have laws that require the return of all testing material after the testing is done. Unethical teachers are known to keep copies of these tests and alter their curriculum. Economic costs increase for the states because each year new tests have to be developed. Thirdly, spelling out the supervision guidelines can reduce cheating. Test supervisors should be educated in professional codes of responsibility and be trained to recognize and react to cheating. Last, schools should investigate and punish cheaters. Currently most tests are given behind closed doors with little outside supervision. At many scho ols, investigating cheaters lie with the school principal or district leaders. Independent sources could more effectively undertake such steps as random sampling, overseeing testing procedures, protecting whistle blowers, and enforce stiffer penalties for those caught cheating (Cizek, 2003). It is clearly evident that educators who cheat are sending the wrong message to students. Blaming standardized testing and the No Child Left Behind act seems misdirected. Teachers ignore their responsibility to their students when the cheat. Cheating distorts our ability to accurately gauge student progress and understand what is happening in our schools (Cizek, 2003). Worse than the lessons lost, however, are the lessons learned. Many of the kids did not even know they were cheating. They were just following the teacher’s orders. â€Å"It’s important for them to do what the teacher wants; they need to think the teacher is looking out for their best interests,† says Moskowitz. â€Å"At that age, in the third grade, I don’t think they had any clue† (Labi, 1999). Bibliography Academic cheating scandal detailed at Florida State. USATODAY, Retrieved Oct 16, 2007, from usatoday.com/printedition/sports/20070928/cnotes28.art.htlm Asimov, Nanette Wallack, Todd (2007, May 13). The teachers who cheat. Some help students during standards testor fix answers laterand Californias safeguards may leave more breaches unreported. Retrieved October 16, 2007, from SFGate.com Web site: sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/05/13/MNGMSPPIU91.DTL Balassone, Merrill Teachers stumble, cheat on state tests. (2007, Aug 18). The Modesto Bee Cizek, Gregory J. (2003).When teachers cheat. Education Digest. 68, 28 Grow, Brian (2004, Jul 5). A spate of cheatingby teachers. BusinessWeek Jacob, Brian, Levitt, Steven, D. (2004, Winter). To catch a cheat. The pressures of accountability may encourage school personnel to doctor the results from high-stakes tests. Hoover Institution Stanford University, [4(1)] Katsilometes, John, Butterworth, Scott (1997, July 02). UNLV assistant accused of cheating. Las Vegas Review-Journal, Retrieved Oct 16, 2007, from reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/1997/Jul-02-Wed-1997/sports/5648036.html Labi, Nadya (1999, Dec 20). When teachers cheat; Under pressure to improve test scores, are schools giving students the wrong kind of lessons? Time, [154(25)], 86. Patrick, Jane (2007, Oct, 5). Whats wrong with standardized tests and how they can be fixed. The Peoples Media Company, from associatedcontent.com/article/402749/whats_wrong_with_standardized_tests.html. Posner, Dave (2004, May, 4). What. The Professional Journal for Education Phi Delta Kappan, Retrieved Oct 6, 2007, from pdkintl.org/kappan/k0406pos.htlm Research Papers on A Test of EthicsStandardized TestingResearch Process Part OnePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseGenetic EngineeringInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesCapital PunishmentHip-Hop is ArtBringing Democracy to Africa

Discussion Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 30

Discussion - Coursework Example Through this technique, our company are able to identify costs which are not necessary or not justifiable and enables our company to do something about this thereby improving our financial by reducing unwanted cost. For example, one department cost a lot to operate so our company decided just to outsource the operation because it is cheaper to do so. Our company’s financial statements are able to identify profit centers and helps our top managers to direct the company’s resources to maintain and bolster our revenue. Thus, in developing cash budgets and capital expenditures, the resources that the company I work for allocates is justifiable with the value and revenue it generates for the organization. In sum, the techniques in managerial accounting enables the decision makers in my company to reduce cost by identifying operations and activities whose cost are unjustifiable thereby making our operations more efficient. It also helps our decision makers where to allocate our resources where it could generate the utmost value and revenue for the

Latin history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Latin history - Essay Example While no underlining meta-narrative or explanation has been presented to account for the state of poverty in these regions, through the juxtaposition and comparison of these perspectives on urban poverty, shanty towns, and social violence, a pragmatic understanding of the issues affecting all societies and cultures is developed, ultimately promoting an empathetic understanding of the state of these marginalized poor. The film Bus 174 opens with an overhead shot of the Rio de Janeiro city landscape while voices from inhabitants leaving on the city streets are heard. The effect is very moving as the viewer begins to comprehend the expansive nature of the city and get a feel for the economic depravity facing many residents. The narrative voices explain how they are forced to beg for food, and attest to the difficulties of seeking shelter. They explicitly state that these issues are primary factors in their growing up enraged at the social order. The film consistently returns to the overhead shots of the city leading the viewer to consider the nature of the city landscape and the on-goings that are central to the film. The film is structured around a hostage situation perpetrated by a man named Sandro. The film reveals that it was the rampant crime in the city that led to Sandro’s mother being murdered when he was 6 years old, and ultimately leading to Sandro becoming a part of a street gang. The viewer becomes introduced to the depravity of Rio de Janeiro street life where large amounts of homeless children fend for their daily existence. In a sense, these inhabitants are presented almost like a scavenger or animal-like race that have been cast off from mainstream society. At one point during the film, a man states that if the police officers were aware that Sandro was a street kid they would have been more aware that he was